DORA-Art18-P1

Article
18 (1)
Pillar
ICT Incident Detection & Reporting
Regulation Ref
Regulation (EU) 2022/2554, Article 18(1)
Last Reviewed
2026-01-15

Financial entities shall classify ICT-related incidents and shall determine their impact on the basis of criteria including the number of clients affected, the duration, the geographical spread, the data losses, the criticality of services affected and the economic impact.

Evidence Profiles

ICT Incident Classification Taxonomy PARTIAL

Structured JSON taxonomy defining incident classification criteria including severity levels, impact dimensions (clients affected, duration, geographical spread, data losses, criticality of services, economic impact) as required by DORA Article 18.

Formats
JSON
Evidence Class
incident-classification-taxonomy
Availability
PARTIAL
Update Frequency
annual
Typical Author
Incident Manager
Approval Chain
Incident Manager → CISO

Content Sections

Expected Fields

Common Quality Issues

View Example

Generated example artifact using the default institution profile (COMMON availability, synthetic data only).

JSON — Inline Preview
{
  "taxonomyVersion": "2.0",
  "effectiveDate": "2025-01-20",
  "institution": "Nordvik Bank AG",
  "approvedBy": "Katrin Halvorsen, CISO",
  "alignedWithESARTS": true,
  "severityLevels": [
    {
      "levelId": "SEV-01",
      "name": "Critical",
      "numericValue": 4,
      "description": "Incident causing severe disruption to critical business functions, affecting a large number of clients, or resulting in significant data loss. Requires immediate Board notification and regulatory reporting.",
      "responseTimeTarget": "15 minutes",
      "escalationRequired": true,
      "regulatoryReportingRequired": true
    },
    {
      "levelId": "SEV-02",
      "name": "High",
      "numericValue": 3,
      "description": "Incident causing material disruption to important business functions or affecting a significant number of clients. Requires CISO notification and potential regulatory reporting.",
      "responseTimeTarget": "30 minutes",
      "escalationRequired": true,
      "regulatoryReportingRequired": false
    },
    {
      "levelId": "SEV-03",
      "name": "Medium",
      "numericValue": 2,
      "description": "Incident causing limited disruption to standard business operations with contained impact. Managed within normal SOC operations.",
      "responseTimeTarget": "2 hours",
      "escalationRequired": false,
      "regulatoryReportingRequired": false
    },
    {
      "levelId": "SEV-04",
      "name": "Low",
      "numericValue": 1,
      "description": "Minor incident with negligible operational impact. Logged and resolved through standard service desk procedures.",
      "responseTimeTarget": "8 hours",
      "escalationRequired": false,
      "regulatoryReportingRequired": false
    }
  ],
  "impactDimensions": [
    {
      "dimensionId": "ID-01",
      "name": "Clients Affected",
      "description": "Number of financial service clients affected by the incident",
      "measurementUnit": "count",
      "thresholds": {
        "low": "< 100",
        "medium": "100 – 5,000",
        "high": "5,000 – 50,000",
        "critical": "> 50,000"
      }
    },
    {
      "dimensionId": "ID-02",
      "name": "Duration",
      "description": "Total duration of the incident from detection to full resolution",
      "measurementUnit": "hours",
      "thresholds": {
        "low": "< 2 hours",
        "medium": "2 – 12 hours",
        "high": "12 – 48 hours",
        "critical": "> 48 hours"
      }
    },
    {
      "dimensionId": "ID-03",
      "name": "Geographical Spread",
      "description": "Number of EU member states where clients are affected",
      "measurementUnit": "count of member states",
      "thresholds": {
        "low": "1 member state",
        "medium": "2 – 3 member states",
        "high": "4 – 10 member states",
        "critical": "> 10 member states"
      }
    },
    {
      "dimensionId": "ID-04",
      "name": "Data Losses",
      "description": "Volume and sensitivity of data compromised, lost, or corrupted",
      "measurementUnit": "records",
      "thresholds": {
        "low": "< 100 non-sensitive records",
        "medium": "100 – 10,000 records or any sensitive records",
        "high": "10,000 – 100,000 records including PII",
        "critical": "> 100,000 records or authentication credentials"
      }
    },
    {
      "dimensionId": "ID-05",
      "name": "Criticality of Services",
      "description": "Number and criticality level of business services affected",
      "measurementUnit": "service count and criticality",
      "thresholds": {
        "low": "Non-critical services only",
        "medium": "1 important service",
        "high": "1 critical service or multiple important services",
        "critical": "Multiple critical services or core banking"
      }
    },
    {
      "dimensionId": "ID-06",
      "name": "Economic Impact",
      "description": "Estimated direct and indirect financial impact of the incident",
      "measurementUnit": "EUR",
      "thresholds": {
        "low": "< EUR 100,000",
        "medium": "EUR 100,000 – 1,000,000",
        "high": "EUR 1,000,000 – 10,000,000",
        "critical": "> EUR 10,000,000"
      }
    }
  ],
  "majorIncidentThresholds": {
    "description": "An ICT-related incident is classified as major when it meets or exceeds the 'high' threshold in at least two impact dimensions, or the 'critical' threshold in any single dimension.",
    "rules": [
      {
        "ruleId": "MIT-01",
        "condition": "Any single impact dimension at 'critical' level",
        "result": "Major incident"
      },
      {
        "ruleId": "MIT-02",
        "condition": "Two or more impact dimensions at 'high' level",
        "result": "Major incident"
      },
      {
        "ruleId": "MIT-03",
        "condition": "Incident involves confirmed data breach of customer PII",
        "result": "Major incident (automatic)"
      },
      {
        "ruleId": "MIT-04",
        "condition": "Core banking or payment processing unavailable for > 2 hours",
        "result": "Major incident (automatic)"
      }
    ]
  },
  "classificationDecisionTree": {
    "step1": "Determine affected services and their criticality level",
    "step2": "Assess each of the six impact dimensions against thresholds",
    "step3": "Apply major incident threshold rules (MIT-01 through MIT-04)",
    "step4": "Assign overall severity based on highest dimension rating",
    "step5": "Document classification rationale in incident record",
    "step6": "Initiate regulatory notification if classified as major"
  }
}

Expected Structured Facts

Example structured facts that Detrixa would extract from this evidence (synthetic data, deterministic seed).

incident_classification_taxonomy_status — fs-incident-classification-taxonomy
{
  "factId": "b1c2d3e4-f5a6-7890-abcd-200000000002",
  "evidenceId": "a0b1c2d3-e4f5-6789-abcd-200000000002",
  "evidenceClassId": "incident-classification-taxonomy",
  "factType": "incident_classification_taxonomy_status",
  "data": {
    "taxonomy_version": "2.0",
    "effective_date": "2025-01-20",
    "severity_levels_count": 4,
    "has_major_incident_thresholds": true,
    "covers_all_impact_dimensions": true,
    "impact_dimensions_covered": [
      "clients_affected",
      "duration",
      "geographical_spread",
      "data_losses",
      "service_criticality",
      "economic_impact"
    ],
    "aligned_with_esa_rts": true
  },
  "provenance": "deterministic",
  "extractorVersion": "dora-test-generator/0.1.0",
  "extractedAt": "2025-02-15T09:00:00Z",
  "supersededBy": null
}
incident_impact_assessment — fs-incident-impact-assessment
{
  "factId": "b1c2d3e4-f5a6-7890-abcd-200000000003",
  "evidenceId": "a0b1c2d3-e4f5-6789-abcd-200000000003",
  "evidenceClassId": "incident-impact-assessment",
  "factType": "incident_impact_assessment",
  "data": {
    "incident_id": "INC-2025-0042",
    "assessment_date": "2025-01-28",
    "severity_classification": "high",
    "clients_affected_count": 12340,
    "duration_hours": 5.22,
    "geographical_regions_affected": 2,
    "data_records_affected": 0,
    "critical_services_impacted": 1,
    "estimated_financial_impact_eur": 138200.00,
    "is_major_incident": true
  },
  "provenance": "deterministic",
  "extractorVersion": "dora-test-generator/0.1.0",
  "extractedAt": "2025-02-15T09:00:00Z",
  "supersededBy": null
}

ICT Incident Impact Assessment Template PARTIAL

Template document for assessing the impact of ICT-related incidents across the six DORA-defined dimensions: clients affected, duration, geographical spread, data losses, criticality of services, and economic impact.

Formats
DOCX
Evidence Class
incident-impact-assessment
Availability
PARTIAL
Update Frequency
event-driven
Typical Author
Incident Manager
Approval Chain
Incident Manager → CISO → CRO

Content Sections

Expected Fields

Common Quality Issues

View Example

Generated example artifact using the default institution profile (COMMON availability, synthetic data only).

PLAIN_TEXT — Inline Preview
ICT INCIDENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Nordvik Bank AG
Template Reference: TMPL-ICT-IIA-2025-001
Classification: Confidential

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

INCIDENT IDENTIFICATION

  Incident ID:              INC-2025-0042
  Incident Title:           Core Banking Platform — Intermittent Transaction Failures
  Detection Timestamp:      2025-01-28T09:17:00Z
  Classification:           High (per TAX-ICT-INC-2025-001)
  Assessment Date:          2025-01-28
  Assessment Performed By:  Marcus Weber, Incident Manager
  Assessment Reviewed By:   Katrin Halvorsen, CISO

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

CLIENT IMPACT

  Total Clients Affected:           12,340
  Retail Banking Clients:           11,200 (unable to complete online transactions)
  Corporate Banking Clients:        890 (delayed batch payment processing)
  Wealth Management Clients:        250 (portfolio view unavailable)

  Impact Description:
  Clients experienced intermittent failures when attempting to execute payment
  transactions through the internet banking and mobile banking channels. Approximately
  35% of transaction attempts during the incident window resulted in timeout errors.
  No transactions were incorrectly processed — all failed transactions were safely
  rolled back by the core banking platform's transaction integrity mechanisms.

  Client Communication:
  Push notification sent to mobile banking users at 09:45 CET advising of
  intermittent service disruption. Internet banking displayed a service advisory
  banner. Customer service centre briefed at 09:30 CET with approved talking points.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

DURATION ASSESSMENT

  Incident Start:           2025-01-28T09:17:00Z (first automated alert)
  Containment Achieved:     2025-01-28T10:45:00Z (traffic rerouted to secondary)
  Full Resolution:          2025-01-28T14:30:00Z (root cause patched, primary restored)
  Total Duration:           5 hours 13 minutes

  Duration Breakdown:
    Detection to Triage:    8 minutes
    Triage to Containment:  1 hour 20 minutes
    Containment to Fix:     3 hours 45 minutes

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

GEOGRAPHICAL SPREAD

  Affected Regions:         2 EU member states
    — Switzerland (primary operations): 10,800 clients
    — Germany (cross-border banking): 1,540 clients

  The incident did not affect operations in other jurisdictions. Branch operations
  in Switzerland continued to function using the local transaction processing
  fallback, though with reduced throughput.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

DATA LOSS ASSESSMENT

  Data Records Affected:    0
  Data Breach:              No
  Data Corruption:          No
  Data Exfiltration:        No

  Assessment Notes:
  The incident was a service availability issue caused by a database connection pool
  exhaustion. No data was lost, corrupted, or exposed. Transaction integrity was
  maintained throughout — all failed transactions were cleanly rolled back. Audit
  logs confirm no unauthorised access occurred during the incident window.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

SERVICE CRITICALITY IMPACT

  Critical Services Impacted:       1
    — Core Banking Transaction Processing (criticality: Critical)

  Important Services Impacted:      2
    — Internet Banking Portal (criticality: Important)
    — Mobile Banking Application (criticality: Important)

  Standard Services Impacted:       0

  Service Degradation Details:
  The core banking platform's Temenos T24 transaction processing module experienced
  connection pool exhaustion under peak morning load, causing approximately 35% of
  transactions to fail. The platform did not go fully offline — read operations
  (balance enquiries, statement views) continued to function normally.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

ECONOMIC IMPACT ESTIMATION

  Direct Costs:
    — Incident response team overtime:                    EUR 8,500
    — Emergency vendor support (Temenos):                 EUR 15,000
    — Customer service centre additional staffing:        EUR 4,200
    Total Direct Costs:                                   EUR 27,700

  Indirect Costs (estimated):
    — Lost transaction fee revenue (5h window):           EUR 42,000
    — Customer goodwill compensation (fee waivers):       EUR 18,500
    — Reputational impact (estimated):                    EUR 50,000
    Total Indirect Costs:                                 EUR 110,500

  Total Estimated Financial Impact:                       EUR 138,200

  Methodology: Direct costs based on actual expenditure. Indirect costs estimated
  using the Bank's incident cost model (REF: MOD-ICT-COST-2024-001) with
  conservative assumptions for reputational impact.

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

OVERALL SEVERITY DETERMINATION

  Impact Dimension              Rating      Threshold Met
  ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
  Clients Affected              High        12,340 (> 5,000)
  Duration                      Medium      5h 13m (2–12 hours)
  Geographical Spread           Medium      2 member states
  Data Losses                   Low         0 records
  Service Criticality           High        1 critical service
  Economic Impact               Medium      EUR 138,200

  Major Incident Determination: YES
  Rationale: Two impact dimensions (Clients Affected, Service Criticality) at
  'high' level, triggering rule MIT-02 of the classification taxonomy.

  Regulatory Notification Required: YES
  Initial notification deadline: 2025-01-28T13:17:00Z (4 hours from detection)

━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━

Prepared by: Marcus Weber, Incident Manager
Reviewed by: Katrin Halvorsen, CISO
Approved by: Erik Lindqvist, CRO
Date: 28 January 2025

Expected Structured Facts

Example structured facts that Detrixa would extract from this evidence (synthetic data, deterministic seed).

incident_classification_taxonomy_status — fs-incident-classification-taxonomy
{
  "factId": "b1c2d3e4-f5a6-7890-abcd-200000000002",
  "evidenceId": "a0b1c2d3-e4f5-6789-abcd-200000000002",
  "evidenceClassId": "incident-classification-taxonomy",
  "factType": "incident_classification_taxonomy_status",
  "data": {
    "taxonomy_version": "2.0",
    "effective_date": "2025-01-20",
    "severity_levels_count": 4,
    "has_major_incident_thresholds": true,
    "covers_all_impact_dimensions": true,
    "impact_dimensions_covered": [
      "clients_affected",
      "duration",
      "geographical_spread",
      "data_losses",
      "service_criticality",
      "economic_impact"
    ],
    "aligned_with_esa_rts": true
  },
  "provenance": "deterministic",
  "extractorVersion": "dora-test-generator/0.1.0",
  "extractedAt": "2025-02-15T09:00:00Z",
  "supersededBy": null
}
incident_impact_assessment — fs-incident-impact-assessment
{
  "factId": "b1c2d3e4-f5a6-7890-abcd-200000000003",
  "evidenceId": "a0b1c2d3-e4f5-6789-abcd-200000000003",
  "evidenceClassId": "incident-impact-assessment",
  "factType": "incident_impact_assessment",
  "data": {
    "incident_id": "INC-2025-0042",
    "assessment_date": "2025-01-28",
    "severity_classification": "high",
    "clients_affected_count": 12340,
    "duration_hours": 5.22,
    "geographical_regions_affected": 2,
    "data_records_affected": 0,
    "critical_services_impacted": 1,
    "estimated_financial_impact_eur": 138200.00,
    "is_major_incident": true
  },
  "provenance": "deterministic",
  "extractorVersion": "dora-test-generator/0.1.0",
  "extractedAt": "2025-02-15T09:00:00Z",
  "supersededBy": null
}

Fact Schemas

incident_classification_taxonomy_status

Schema ID
fs-incident-classification-taxonomy
Control
DORA-Art18-P1

Valid Ranges

effective_date
within last 18 months
severity_levels_count
typically 3-5 levels
impact_dimensions_covered
all 6 DORA dimensions for full compliance

Related Schemas

JSON Schema

{
  "properties": {
    "aligned_with_esa_rts": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "covers_all_impact_dimensions": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "effective_date": {
      "format": "date",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "has_major_incident_thresholds": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "impact_dimensions_covered": {
      "items": {
        "enum": [
          "clients_affected",
          "duration",
          "geographical_spread",
          "data_losses",
          "service_criticality",
          "economic_impact"
        ],
        "type": "string"
      },
      "type": "array"
    },
    "severity_levels_count": {
      "minimum": 2,
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "taxonomy_version": {
      "minLength": 1,
      "type": "string"
    }
  },
  "required": [
    "taxonomy_version",
    "effective_date",
    "severity_levels_count",
    "has_major_incident_thresholds",
    "covers_all_impact_dimensions"
  ],
  "type": "object"
}

incident_impact_assessment

Schema ID
fs-incident-impact-assessment
Control
DORA-Art18-P1

Valid Ranges

severity_classification
based on taxonomy thresholds
clients_affected_count
major if exceeding institution-specific threshold

Related Schemas

JSON Schema

{
  "properties": {
    "assessment_date": {
      "format": "date",
      "type": "string"
    },
    "clients_affected_count": {
      "minimum": 0,
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "critical_services_impacted": {
      "minimum": 0,
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "data_records_affected": {
      "minimum": 0,
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "duration_hours": {
      "minimum": 0,
      "type": "number"
    },
    "estimated_financial_impact_eur": {
      "minimum": 0,
      "type": "number"
    },
    "geographical_regions_affected": {
      "minimum": 0,
      "type": "integer"
    },
    "incident_id": {
      "minLength": 1,
      "type": "string"
    },
    "is_major_incident": {
      "type": "boolean"
    },
    "severity_classification": {
      "enum": [
        "low",
        "medium",
        "high",
        "critical"
      ],
      "type": "string"
    }
  },
  "required": [
    "incident_id",
    "assessment_date",
    "severity_classification",
    "clients_affected_count",
    "duration_hours"
  ],
  "type": "object"
}